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Subjective Concepts
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Subjective Agency and Poststructuralism
Poststructuralism has long been acknowledged to offer a radical critique of the foundational subject as a precursor to affirming a constituted subject.Its detractors have however held that the resultant position cannot offer a coherent account of agency (strong version) or, alternatively, that while it may be able to account for non-subjective agency, it is unable to develop a coherent explanation for subjective agency (weak version).Somewhat strangely, this issue has been largely ignored by commentators predisposed to poststructuralist thought.In contrast, this volume focuses on the works of Judith Butler, Cornelius Castoriadis, Gilles Deleuze, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Luce Irigaray, Jacques Lacan, and Catherine Malabou, to show that the question of the subject is a key one for many poststructuralist thinkers, that they are aware of the problematic status of agency that arises from their decentering of the foundational subject, and that they offer heterogeneous responses to it. Subjective Agency and Poststructuralism will therefore be an invaluable resource for researchers and advanced students interested in philosophy, political theory, psychoanalysis, critical theory, history of ideas, feminist theory, and cultural studies.
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Barbara Porbst Subjective Evidence
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The Measurement of Subjective Probability
Beliefs come in degrees, and we often represent those degrees with numbers.We might say, for example, that we are 90% confident in the truth of some scientific hypothesis, or only 30% confident in the success of some risky endeavour.But what do these numbers mean? What, in other words, is the underlying psychological reality to which the numbers correspond? And what constitutes a meaningful difference between numerically distinct representations of belief?In this Element, we discuss the main approaches to the measurement of belief.These fall into two broad categories-epistemic and decision-theoretic-with divergent foundations in the theory of measurement.Epistemic approaches explain the measurement of belief by appeal to relations between belief states themselves, whereas decision-theoretic approaches appeal to relations between beliefs and desires in the production of choice and preferences.
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Is beauty objective or subjective?
Beauty is subjective, as it is based on personal preferences, cultural influences, and individual experiences. What one person finds beautiful, another may not. Beauty standards can vary greatly across different cultures and time periods, further highlighting the subjectivity of beauty. Ultimately, beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
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"Isn't expensive subjective?"
Yes, the concept of expensive is subjective because it depends on an individual's perspective and financial situation. What may be expensive to one person may be affordable to another. Factors such as income, personal values, and priorities all play a role in determining what is considered expensive. Therefore, what is considered expensive can vary greatly from person to person.
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Is logic subjective?
Logic is generally considered to be objective rather than subjective. It is a system of reasoning that follows specific rules and principles to reach valid conclusions. While individuals may have different perspectives or interpretations of a logical argument, the underlying principles of logic remain consistent and independent of personal beliefs or opinions. Therefore, logic is often seen as a universal and objective tool for rational thinking.
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Is freedom subjective?
Freedom can be subjective because it can be interpreted differently by individuals based on their personal experiences, beliefs, and values. What one person considers freedom, another person may not. For example, some may see freedom as the ability to make choices without interference, while others may see it as the absence of oppression or discrimination. Therefore, the concept of freedom can vary from person to person and is influenced by subjective perspectives.
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Subjective Well-Being and Social Media
Subjective Well-Being and Social Media shows how, by exploiting the unprecedented amount of information provided by the social networking sites, it is possible to build new composite indicators of subjective well-being.These new social media indicators are complementary to official statistics and surveys, whose data are collected at very low temporary and geographical resolution.The book also explains in full details how to solve the problem of selection bias coming from social media data.Mixing textual analysis, machine learning and time series analysis, the book also shows how to extract both the structural and the temporary components of subjective well-being. Cross-country analysis confirms that well-being is a complex phenomenon that is governed by macroeconomic and health factors, ageing, temporary shocks and cultural and psychological aspects.As an example, the last part of the book focuses on the impact of the prolonged stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective well-being in both Japan and Italy.Through a data science approach, the results show that a consistent and persistent drop occurred throughout 2020 in the overall level of well-being in both countries.The methodology presented in this book: enables social scientists and policy makers to know what people think about the quality of their own life, minimizing the bias induced by the interaction between the researcher and the observed individuals; being language-free, it allows for comparing the well-being perceived in different linguistic and socio-cultural contexts, disentangling differences due to objective events and life conditions from dissimilarities related to social norms or language specificities; provides a solution to the problem of selection bias in social media data through a systematic approach based on time-space small area estimation models.The book comes also with replication R scripts and data. Stefano M. Iacus is full professor of Statistics at the University of Milan, on leave at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.Former R-core member (1999-2017) and R Foundation Member.Giuseppe Porro is full professor of Economic Policy at the University of Insubria.An earlier version of this project was awarded the Italian Institute of Statistics-Google prize for "official statistics and big data".
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Measuring Health: A Review of Subjective Health, Well-being and Quality of Life Measurement Scales
An invaluable resource for health professionals and students engaged in research, this thoroughly updated edition provides a guide to the major measures of health and functioning. Measures of subjective health, well-being and quality of life are introduced along with analysis of their validity and reliability and the evidence for using each one.Throughout the book each measure is explained with a summary of how each one is scored and used, making this a one-stop guide to understanding health measurements, and the basic concepts behind measuring health, quality of life and well-being. • A new look and feel makes measures and scales easier to locate• Further research and evidence provides a greater critique of the measures • Useful source information to help you access each measure with permission• The addition of new scales include the Warwick-Edinburgh Wellbeing Scale, the Older People’s Quality of Life Scale and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire• Expanded material on functional independence and functional assessment measuresWritten by a renowned expert in health research, Measuring Health, 4th edition is essential reading for researchers and upper level undergraduates and postgraduates in health services research, health studies, health sciences, public health and social sciences. "The world of measurement scales, which ones to use and for what purpose, is a complex one even for experienced qualitative researchers.It is easy for less experienced researchers to lose their way.Ann Bowling's book provides an up to date and coherent guide and assessment of measurement tools which is comprehensible and well organised."Virginia Berridge, Professor of History and Director, Centre for History in Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK "In her latest edition of Measuring Health: A Review of Subjective Health, Well-Being and Quality of Life Measurement Scales, Professor Ann Bowling has, once again, provided us with an essential for our bookshelves.It is a vital resource for anyone investigating health and well-being – whether novice student researcher or experienced academic. Written in an accessible, easy to use style, we are initially taken through the importance of measuring and understanding lay people’s experiences of their physical and social health.The mechanics and challenges of measurement of subjective health are then described.Later chapters include handy definitions of relevant concepts and detailed descriptions of specific scales – both familiar and relatively new ones – including psychometric testing and use.This text is packed with useful information and can be used both as a resource for an overall understanding of measuring health and well-being or for selecting specific patient-based health scales for research projects."Dr. Nan Greenwood, Reader in Health and Social Care Service Research, St George's University of London and Kingston University, UK
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Subjective Realist Cinema : From Expressionism to Inception
Subjective Realist Cinema looks at the fragmented narratives and multiple realities of a wide range of films that depict subjective experience and employ “subjective realist” narration, including recent examples such as Mulholland Drive, Memento, and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind.The author proposes that an understanding of the narrative structures of these films, particularly their use of mixed and multiple realities, enhances viewers’ enjoyment and comprehension of such films, and that such comprehension offers a key to understanding contemporary filmmaking.
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Rethinking Consciousness : A Scientific Theory of Subjective Experience
Tracing evolution over millions of years, Michael Graziano shows how neurons first allowed animals to develop simple forms of attention: taking in messages from the environment, prioritising them and responding as necessary.Then covert attention evolved—a roving, mental focus separate from where the senses are pointed.To monitor and control covert attention, Graziano posits in his attention schema theory, the brain evolved a simplified model of it—a cartoonish self-description depicting an internal essence with a capacity for knowledge and experience.In other words, consciousness. That self model gives us our intuitions about consciousness and makes us empathetic social beings as we attribute it to others.The theory implies that uploading the data structure of consciousness into machines will be possible and he discusses what artificial consciousness will mean for our evolutionary future.
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What is the difference between subjective opinion and subjective perspective?
Subjective opinion refers to an individual's personal belief or judgment about a particular topic, which may be influenced by their emotions, experiences, or biases. On the other hand, subjective perspective refers to the unique way in which an individual perceives and interprets a situation or event based on their personal experiences, values, and beliefs. While subjective opinion is more focused on expressing one's viewpoint or preference, subjective perspective involves a broader understanding of how an individual's background shapes their interpretation of the world.
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What is subjective perception?
Subjective perception refers to an individual's personal interpretation or understanding of a situation, event, or stimulus. It is influenced by a person's beliefs, experiences, emotions, and biases, leading to a unique and subjective perspective. This means that two people can perceive the same thing differently based on their subjective perceptions. Subjective perception plays a significant role in shaping how individuals make sense of the world around them.
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Why is appearance subjective?
Appearance is subjective because it is influenced by individual perceptions, preferences, and experiences. What one person finds attractive or appealing, another may not. Additionally, cultural norms and societal standards play a role in shaping how people perceive appearance. Ultimately, subjective factors such as personal taste and biases contribute to the variability in how individuals interpret and judge the appearance of people, objects, or environments.
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What are subjective needs?
Subjective needs refer to the individual desires, preferences, and feelings that a person has in relation to their well-being and satisfaction. These needs are based on personal experiences, values, and beliefs, and can vary greatly from person to person. Subjective needs are often related to emotional, psychological, and social aspects of life, and can include things like a sense of belonging, self-esteem, and fulfillment. Meeting subjective needs is important for overall happiness and well-being.
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